How do enduro and pump track races work?

• Enduro, the shape: "The race includes several liaison stages and timed stages."
• Timed stages: mostly descending. Small pedalling or uphill sections are acceptable. At least two different courses are used.
• Liaisons: by pedalling, by lift or a mixture.
• Starts: riders start one at a time, at least 10 seconds apart.
• The result: "adding all special stage times together for each rider".
• One bike: one frame, one fork and one pair of wheels, marked by officials before the start. A broken part may be replaced with approval and a five-minute penalty.
• Help: outside assistance only in the technical assistance zone, if the organiser provides one.
• Reported by riders: a breach nobody official saw can be considered if at least two riders from two different teams report it.
• Pump track, the track: rollers and steep turns. "Speed on a pump track is generated by pumping the bike - not by pedalling and not by gravity."
• Pump track, qualifying: one or more timed flying laps. The fastest 32 go on, or fewer in a small field.
• Pump track, heats: head to head, fastest qualifier against slowest. The faster rider of each pair advances until two are left for the final.
• Pump track, the bike: wheels of 20 inches or more, at least a rear brake, flat pedals only and no pegs.

The glossary has enduro, the pump track, downhill and the berm.

Enduro copies a day's riding with friends: everyone climbs together and races only the descents, so the rules mark the bike's main parts to stop a rider swapping to fresh equipment between stages. Pump track strips racing down to skill on a track small enough for a town park, which is why pedalling is designed out.